Document Type

Thesis - University Access Only

Award Date

2012

Degree Name

Master of Science (MS)

Department / School

Animal Science

First Advisor

Rebecca Bott

Abstract

A novel com-soybean extruded product was characterized to establish the product's energy content and its effects on lactating sow performance. A metabolism trial was conducted to establish the digestible and metabolizable energy concentrations of a novel com-soybean extruded product for growing pigs. Second, a sow trial was conducted to determine the effects of this novel product in lactation diets on both sow milk and sow and litter performance. The product was a blend of 60% com and 40% soybeans, which were then extruded. Twelve crossbred barrows, with an average initial body weight of 59.9 ±1.4 kg, were used in a two period, cross-over design for the metabolism trial. Dietary treatments were a com-based basal diet and test diet. The test diet was composed of 70% basal diet and 30% com-soybean extruded test product on an as-fed basis. DE values for com and soybeans (NR~ 1998) were used to formulate the basal and test diets to have 3,630 kcal/kg and 3,672 kcal/kg, respectively, on an as-fed basis. Barrows were blocked by treatment and limit fed at three percent of body weight for a nine-day adjustment feeding period, followed by a four-day collection period. Total collections of feces and urine were performed after allotment of each morning feeding. Samples were pooled within barrow, frozen, and stored at O °C until analysis of fecal and urinary energy was performed using isoperibol bomb calorimetry. Gross energy of dietary treatments was determined by isoperibol bomb calorimetry. Digestible energy of treatments was determined by subtracting fecal energy from gross energy provided to barrows by each respective treatment. Metabolizable energy was determined by subtracting urinary energy from calculated digestible energy. On a dry-matter basis, the test diet provided 3,908 kcal/kg DE and 3,833 kcal/kg ME which was significantly greater than the basal diet which provided 3,633 kcal/kg DE and 3,567 kcal/kg ME (p< 0.0001 ). These data were used to establish the DE and ME of the com-soybean extruded product to be 3,882 kcal/kg and 3,798 kcal/kg, respectively, on an as-fed basis. Sixty-three sows were utilized in a complete random design for the lactation trial. Three diets were formulated and used in the trial. CONTROL (n=21) was a com and soybean meal diet formulated to reflect a standard lactation diet representative of industry. The second diet, PRODUCT (n=21), was the extruded product with vitamins, and minerals to meet or exceed the NRC (1998) lactating sow requirements. The third diet, OIL (n=21), was also corn and soybean meal based, but was formulated to match the lysine:ME ratio of PRODUCT by the addition of soy oil. Sow weight, backfat thickness at the right and left last ribs, body condition score, number of piglets, and litter weights were recorded within 24 h post-farrowing, and at nine days post-farrowing, as well as at weaning. At weaning, blood and milk were collected for analysis of plasma urea nitrogen, milk total protein and fat concentrations. No effect due to dietary treatment was demonstrated in sow backfat (RBF P = 0.90; LBF P = 0.53) or body condition score (P = 0.97) changes over the lactation period. Sows provided PRODUCT exhibited the highest weight average during lactation (P = 0.02). Average piglet gain and percent mortality loss per litter did not differ between dietary treatments (P = 0.55; P = 0.70, respectively). Sow average daily feed intake (ADFI) was depressed for CONTROL (4.52 kg), when compared simultaneously with PRODUCT (5.77 kg) and OIL (4.98 kg) (Contrast IP= 0.05) and overall sow weight change was greater for CONTROL (-10.35 kg) compared to PRODUCT (+0.02 kg) and OIL (-13.71 kg) (Contrast IP= 0.05). Sow milk total protein (P = 0.69) and milk fat (P = 0.66) did not differ between sows provided the dietary treatments. No differences in sow plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) was detected in dietary treatments when treatment least squares means were compared together; however, PUN was increased when PRODUCT and OIL when compared to CONTROL (Contrast IP= 0.02).

Library of Congress Subject Headings

Sows -- Feeding and feeds
Soybean as feed
Corn as feed

Publisher

South Dakota State University

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Rights Statement

In Copyright